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Antibody:-  Structure, Types and Function Antibody (Ab) also know as Immunoglobulin (Ig) is the large Y shaped protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens like bacteria and viruses. The production of antibodies is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte), differentiated B cells called plasma cells. The produced antibodies bind to specific antigensexpress in external factor and cancer cells. Structure of Antibody:-   Antibodies are heavy (~ 150 kDa) globular plasma proteins. The basic structure of all antibody are same.           There are four polypeptide chains:- ▪Two identical heavy chains  ▪Two identical light chains ▪ Connected by Disulfide bonds.         Light Chain (L) consists polypeptides of about 22,000 Da and Heavy  Chain (H) consists...

  CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates:-        Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some common examples are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc. Most of them have a general formulae, ( C x (H 2 O) y ) and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrate was derived.                Chemically, the carbohydrate may be defined as "Optically active polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones or the compound which produce such units on hydrolysis". Some of the carbohydrates, which are sweet in taste, are so called sugars. The most common sugar, used in our homes is named as sucrose whereas the sugar present in milk is known as lactose. Classification of Carbohydrates:- (A).Monosaccharides:            A carbohydrate that can't be hydrolysed furt...

Dipole moments & its Application:- Dipole moments: Molecules  having two equal and opposite charges separated by certain distance are set to prossess and electric dipole. In  the case of such polar molecules, the centre of negative charge does not coincide with the centre of positive charge to stop the extent of polarity in such covalent molecules can be described by the term dipole moment.   Dipole  moment can be defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance separation between the charges.                It  is represented by the Greek 'letter m'. Mathematically it is equal to dipole moment (m)= charge (e) × distance of separation(d).       It is expressed in the units of Debye and written as D.                  (1 Debye = 1 ×  10 -18  e.s.u-cm). Dipole moment is a vecto...

Name:- Ankit Rana Address:- Delhi India Gmail:-            Singhamarjeet436@gmail.com Blogg:- www.recallhere.blogspot.com 

Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom:-  Bohr's atomic model:   In order to explain the stability of an atom, Neils bohr give a new arrangement of electrons in the atom in 1913. According to Neils bohr,the electrons revolve around the nucleus in the only 'certain orbits' (energy level), each Orbit having a different radius.    When an electron is revolving in a particular Orbit or particular energy level around the nucleus, the electron does not radiate energy (loss energy even through it has accelerated motion around the nucleus. Niels Bohs proposed an  atomic model, describing an atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the positively charged nucleus as planet around in the sun in our solar system,  with attraction provided by electrostatic force, popularly known as Bohr's atomic model.It was basically an improved vision of Rutherford's  atomic model overcoming its limitations.On mos...

Nucleic Acids:- ucleic acids are the information molecules of cells. The most famous  nucleic acid is undoubtedly deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA .   DNA contains genetic code, all the messages that determine traits. Another type of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid, or RNA is less well known but also important to cells. Nucleic Acid Definition: Nucleic acids are essential large biological molecules for all forms of life. The nucleic acids include the DNA and the RNA. They are the hereditary determinants of living organisms. They are present in most living cells either in free state or bound to proteins as nucleoproteins. The nucleic acids are biopolymers with mononucleotides and their repeating units. The monomers are know as nucleotides, they are made up of three units: a sugar, an amine and phosphate group. History: In 1869, Friedrich Miescher isolated nuclei from pus cell and found that they conatined phosphate-rich substance,he named is nuclein.  In 1899,A...

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance       Spectroscopy  Definition of NMR:- Nuclear magnetic resonance is defined as a condition when the frequency of the rotating magnetic field becomes equal to the frequency of the processing nucleus.     If ratio frequency energy and a, magnetic field  are simultaneously applied to the nucleus, a  condition as given by the equation  v=γH0/2π is met. The system at this condition is said to be in resonance  [ v= frequency,  γ= proportionalitt constant and   H0=  magnetic field]. Theory of NMR:- The hydrogen nucleus or protons can be regarded as a spinning postively charged unit and so it will generate a tiny magnetic field HO along its spinning axis. Now if this nucleus is placed in an external magnetic field HO, it will naturally line up either parallel.  (1) Relaxation Process- Relaxation processes are defined as different types of radiation-less transitions by which a nucle...